Tag: time

# Sorting Algorithms 101: Visualized

Sorting is one of the central topic in most Computer Science degrees. In general, sorting refers to the process of rearranging data according to a defined pattern with the end goal of transforming the original unsorted sequence into a sorted sequence. It lies at the heart of successful businesses ventures — such as Google and Amazon — but is also present in many applications we use daily — such as Excel or Facebook.

Many different algorithms have been developed to sort data. Wikipedia lists as many as 45 and there are probably many more. Some work by exchanging data points in a sequence, others insert and/or merge parts of the sequence. More importantly, some algorithms are quite effective in terms of the time they take to sort data — taking only $n$ time to sort $n$ datapoints — whereas others are very slow — taking as much as $n^2$. Moreover, some algorithms are stable — in the sense that they always take the same amount of time to process $n$ datapoints — whereas others may fluctuate in terms of processing time based on the original order of the data.

I really enjoyed this video by TED-Ed on how to best sort your book collection. It provides a very intuitive introduction into sorting strategies (i.e., algorithms). Moreover, Algorithms to Live By (Christian & Griffiths, 2016) provided the amazing suggestion to get friends and pizza in whenever you need to sort something, next to the great explanation of various algorithms and their computational demand.

The main reason for this blog is that I stumbled across some nice video’s and GIFs of sorting algorithms in action. These visualizations are not only wonderfully intriguing to look at, but also help so much in understanding how the sorting algorithms process the data under the hood. You might want to start with the 4-minute YouTube video below, demonstrating how nine different sorting algorithms (Selection Sort, Shell Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort, Bubble Sort, Comb Sort, & Cocktail Sort) process a variety of datasets.

This interactive website toptal.com allows you to play around with the most well-known sorting algorithms, putting them to work on different datasets. For the grande finale, I found these GIFs and short video’s of several sorting algorithms on imgur. In the visualizations below, each row of the image represents an independent list being sorted. You can see that Bubble Sort is quite slow:

Cocktail Shaker Sort already seems somewhat faster, but still takes quite a while.

For some algorithms, the visualization clearly shows that the settings you pick matter. For instance, Heap Sort is much quicker if you choose to shift down instead of up.

In contrast, for Merge Sort it doesn’t matter whether you sort by breadth first or depth first.

The imgur overview includes many more visualized sorting algorithms but I don’t want to overload WordPress or your computer, so I’ll leave you with two types of Radix Sort, the rest you can look up yourself!

# Talent Works: Data Science to improve Job Application Chances

Searching and applying to jobs can be a costly activity, requiring many hours upon hours of perfecting your motivation letter and CV. Hence, it can be very frustrating to get ghosted (not receiving a reply) for a job. Luckily, Talent Works is able to give us some general tips when it comes to improving the success of your applications. You might remember them from their Interactive Map of the US Job Market.

Using a sample of about 1600 job applications, Talent Works recently conducted all kinds of statistical analyses to look at the hiring process. For instance, they examined the time it takes to get from the application stage to your first day on the job. Split out for various jobs, it seems Mechanical Engineers spend quite a while in the interview stage whereas Software developers are put to work within three weeks.

In a different analysis, Talent Works examined how to minimize your risk of getting ghosted on a job application. For instance, they found that during the “Golden Hours” (the first 96 hours after a job gets posted), your chances of getting an invitation for an interview are up to 8 times higher than afterwards.

Based on the above they come to the following three timeframes in the application cycle:

1. “Golden Hours”: Applications submitted between 2-4 days after a job is posted have the highest chance of getting an interview. Not only is there a difference, there’s a big difference: you have up to an 8x higher chance of getting an interview during this period, even if you’re submitting the same application.
2. Twilight Zone: Chances quickly decrease from OK to really bad: every day you wait after the “Golden Hours” reduces your chances by 28%. The longer you wait, the higher the risk that employers have already checked their inboxes and setup interviews with candidates that met their “good enough”-bar.
3. Resume Blackhole: According to Talent.Works it’s nearly not worth applying after 10 days. On average, job applications during this phase have a meager ~1.5% of getting an interview. Put another way, if you send out 50 job applications, you might hear back from one (if you’re lucky).

Next, Talent.Works investigated on a more granular level what would then be the best time to apply for a job.This resulted in the following figure

Again, they provide a summary of their conclusions:

• The best time to apply for a job is between 6am and 10am. During this time, you have an 13% chance of getting an interview.
• After that morning window, your interview odds start falling by 10% every 30 minutes. If you’re late, you’re going to pay dearly.
• There’s a brief reprieve during lunchtime, where your odds climb back up to 11% at around 12:30pm but then start falling precipitously again.
• The single-worst time to apply for a job is after work — if you apply at 7:30pm, you have less than a 3% chance of getting an interview.

If you want to see more, please visit Talent.Works. Here, you can let them process your CV and help you improve your hiring chances (see also this blog post).