kaggle – paulvanderlaken.com

Kaggle conducts industry-wide surveys to assess the state of data science and machine learning. Over 17,000 individuals worldwide participated in the survey, myself included, and 171 countries and territories are represented in the data.

There is an ongoing debate regarding whether R or Python is better suited for Data Science (probably the latter, but I nevertheless prefer the former). The thousands of responses to the Kaggle survey may provide some insights into how the preferences for each of these languages are dispersed over the globe. At least, that was what I thought when I wrote the code below.

View the Kaggle Kernel here.

### PAUL VAN DER LAKEN
### 2017-10-31
### KAGGLE DATA SCIENCE SURVEY
### VISUALIZING WORLD WIDE RESPONSES
### AND PYTHON/R PREFERENCES

# LOAD IN LIBRARIES
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(tibble)

# OPTIONS & STANDARDIZATION
options(stringsAsFactors = F)
theme_set(theme_light())
dpi = 600
w = 12
h = 8
wm_cor = 0.8
hm_cor = 0.8
capt = "Kaggle Data Science Survey 2017 by paulvanderlaken.com"

# READ IN KAGGLE DATA
mc <- read.csv("multipleChoiceResponses.csv") %>%
  as.tibble()

# READ IN WORLDMAP DATA
worldMap <- map_data(map = "world") %>% as.tibble()

# ALIGN KAGGLE AND WORLDMAP COUNTRY NAMES
mc$Country[!mc$Country %in% worldMap$region] %>% unique()
worldMap$region %>% unique() %>% sort(F)
mc$Country[mc$Country == "United States"] <- "USA"
mc$Country[mc$Country == "United Kingdom"] <- "UK"
mc$Country[grepl("China|Hong Kong", mc$Country)] <- "China"


# CLEAN UP KAGGLE DATA
lvls = c("","Rarely", "Sometimes", "Often", "Most of the time")
labels = c("NA", lvls[-1])
ind_data <- mc %>% 
  select(Country, WorkToolsFrequencyR, WorkToolsFrequencyPython) %>%
  mutate(WorkToolsFrequencyR = factor(WorkToolsFrequencyR, 
                                      levels = lvls, labels = labels)) %>% 
  mutate(WorkToolsFrequencyPython = factor(WorkToolsFrequencyPython, 
                                           levels = lvls, labels = labels)) %>% 
  filter(!(Country == "" | is.na(WorkToolsFrequencyR) | is.na(WorkToolsFrequencyPython)))

# AGGREGATE TO COUNTRY LEVEL
country_data <- ind_data %>%
  group_by(Country) %>%
  summarize(N = n(),
            R = sum(WorkToolsFrequencyR %>% as.numeric()),
            Python = sum(WorkToolsFrequencyPython %>% as.numeric()))

# CREATE THEME FOR WORLDMAP PLOT
theme_worldMap <- theme(
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white"),
    panel.border = element_blank(),
    panel.grid = element_blank(),
    panel.background = element_blank(),
    legend.background = element_blank(),
    legend.position = c(0, 0.2),
    legend.justification = c(0, 0),
    legend.title = element_text(colour = "black"),
    legend.text = element_text(colour = "black"),
    legend.key = element_blank(),
    legend.key.size = unit(0.04, "npc"),
    axis.text = element_blank(), 
    axis.title = element_blank(),
    axis.ticks = element_blank()
  )

After aligning some country names (above), I was able to start visualizing the results. A first step was to look at the responses across the globe. The greener the more responses and the grey countries were not represented in the dataset. A nice addition would have been to look at the response rate relative to country population.. any volunteers?

# PLOT WORLDMAP OF RESPONSE RATE
ggplot(country_data) + 
  geom_map(data = worldMap, 
           aes(map_id = region, x = long, y = lat),
           map = worldMap, fill = "grey") +
  geom_map(aes(map_id = Country, fill = N),
           map = worldMap, size = 0.3) +
  scale_fill_gradient(low = "green", high = "darkgreen", name = "Response") +
  theme_worldMap +
  labs(title = "Worldwide Response Kaggle DS Survey 2017",
       caption = capt) +
  coord_equal()

Now, let’s look at how frequently respondents use Python and R in their daily work. I created two heatmaps: one excluding the majority of respondents who indicated not using either Python or R, probably because they didn’t complete the survey.

# AGGREGATE DATA TO WORKTOOL RESPONSES
worktool_data <- ind_data %>%
  group_by(WorkToolsFrequencyR, WorkToolsFrequencyPython) %>%
  count()

# HEATMAP OF PREFERRED WORKTOOLS
ggplot(worktool_data, aes(x = WorkToolsFrequencyR, y = WorkToolsFrequencyPython)) +
  geom_tile(aes(fill = log(n))) +
  geom_text(aes(label = n), col = "black") +
  scale_fill_gradient(low = "red", high = "yellow") +
  labs(title = "Heatmap of Python and R usage",
       subtitle = "Most respondents indicate not using Python or R (or did not complete the survey)",
       caption = capt, 
       fill = "Log(N)")

# HEATMAP OF PREFERRED WORKTOOLS
# EXCLUSING DOUBLE NA'S
worktool_data %>%
  filter(!(WorkToolsFrequencyPython == "NA" & WorkToolsFrequencyR == "NA")) %>%
  ungroup() %>%
  mutate(perc = n / sum(n)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = WorkToolsFrequencyR, y = WorkToolsFrequencyPython)) +
  geom_tile(aes(fill = n)) +
  geom_text(aes(label = paste0(round(perc,3)*100,"%")), col = "black") +
  scale_fill_gradient(low = "red", high = "yellow") +
  labs(title = "Heatmap of Python and R usage (non-users excluded)",
       subtitle = "There is a strong reliance on Python and less users focus solely on R",
       caption = capt, 
       fill = "N")

Okay, now let’s map these frequency data on a worldmap. Because I’m interested in the country level differences in usage, I look at the relative usage of Python compared to R. So the redder the country, the more Python is used by Data Scientists in their workflow whereas R is the preferred tool in the bluer countries. Interesting to see, there is no country where respondents really use R much more than Python.

# WORLDMAP OF RELATIVE WORKTOOL PREFERENCE
ggplot(country_data) + 
  geom_map(data = worldMap, 
           aes(map_id = region, x = long, y = lat),
           map = worldMap, fill = "grey") +
  geom_map(aes(map_id = Country, fill = Python/R),
           map = worldMap, size = 0.3) +
  scale_fill_gradient(low = "blue", high = "red", name = "Python/R") +
  theme_worldMap +
  labs(title = "Relative usage of Python to R per country",
       subtitle = "Focus on Python in Russia, Israel, Japan, Ukraine, China, Norway & Belarus",
       caption = capt) +
  coord_equal()